There are many different music production techniques. Music production can broadly be split into 5 phases; composition, recording, editing, mixing and mastering.
There are many different available techniques involved in each of these phases, I'll break them down in more detail below - although this is far from a comprehensive list:
Composition
Understanding music theory - melody, harmony, counterpoint
Chord progressions - Voicings and inversions, tension and release
Keys, scales and modes - modal modulation, relatives
Recording
Microphone technique - the proximity effect, Blumlein
Microphone placement - 3 to 1 rule
Microphone types - condensor, ribbon, dynamic
Multi-miking - stereo, xy, spaced pair
Setting Levels - gain staging
Editing
Fixing timing issues
Quantisation
Phase alignment
Noise reduction
Comping
Mixing
Levels - gain, automation
Frequency Balancing - EQ, Filters
Panning - Stereo based FX
Dynamics - Compression, Multiband Compression, gates
Time based effects - Phaser, Flanger, Chorus
Spatial effects - Reverb, Delay,
Distortion - Saturation, Clipping
Arrangement
Transitions
Mastering
EQ
Compression
Limiting
M/S Processing
Dithering
Metering
File formats
Exporting
There are many different music production techniques. This is just a list of some of the most common ones. If you need support with any of these areas of the music production process you can email adam@ammusic.co.uk for help.